On January 10, 49 B.C., on the banks of the Rubicon River in southern Gaul (near the modern-day city of Ravenna), Julius Caesar and the soldiers of the 13th Legion waited and weighed their options.

As consul, Caesar wanted to pay off Pompey’s soldiers by allocating them public lands. This was unpopular, so to get the measure through he engineered a riot and used the chaos to get his own way.

Commissioned by Duke Vincenzo Gonzaga, this series of chiaroscuro woodcuts reproduces Andrea Mantegna’s Triumph of Julius Caesar, painted a century earlier. The scenes imaginatively portray the ...

Though he commanded an army for Sulla, he later demanded extraordinary powers from the Republic, eventually joining the populist Caesar to secure grants for his soldiers. But in 49 B.C., Pompey ...

Within months, Brutus and Cassius went into exile, attempting to take over the eastern provinces, while Caesar's allies stayed in Rome. To pay his soldiers, Brutus minted coins such as the silver ...

For more than two years, a junior officer in the Syrian military, his sister and a friend risked their lives to collect evidence of the atrocities being committed by the regime. Their work changed the ...