as mitral stenosis worsens and the mitral valve area decreases, right heart pressures increase to maintain cardiac output across the stenotic valve with a pressure gradient between the left atrium ...

Inspection of the jugular venous pulsations may reveal a prominent A wave due to vigorous atrial contraction of a prominent V wave due to tricuspid regurgitation that develops from pulmonary ...

Mitral Valve Stenosis: The valve becomes too narrow, restricting proper blood flow. Think of the mitral valve as a one-way door with two flaps. In regurgitation, the door fails to close tightly ...

The mitral valve was normal. Comment. The squeaking quality in a predominantly apical murmur led to a diagnosis of aortic stenosis in addition to coronary and hypertensive heart disease.