Serfs had to pay high interest on their debts by doing corvee (unpaid labor) or by selling their own children. A certificate, written in the old form of the Tibetan language, used before 1959 and ...

Of deputies of the Tibetan and other ethnic groups, most were emancipated serfs and slaves, with some being patriotic person-ages from the upper social strata or the religious circle. The Tibet ...

It can be concluded that Tibetan Buddhism, with the endorsement of successive Chinese central authorities and the support of the feudal serf-owning class in Xizang, has ascended to the stage of ...