The basal ganglia are a set of subcortical structures ... beta synchrony mediated by the hyperdirect pathway. Striatonigral neurons comprise diverse subtypes, yet their specific roles in ...

The researchers also found that medium spiny neurons—brain cells that make up 90% of cells in the basal ganglia—showed signs of metabolic stress in individuals with Tourette disorder.

C) Wiring diagram of basal ganglia circuitry. D) Normalized difference in cell type proportions comparing TS to control brains assessed using snRNA-seq data. **p-value < 0.001 by paired t-test.

The medium spiny neurons, which are the main long-range ... neuronal and synaptic loss as a key contributing factor to the basal ganglia hyperactivity associated symptoms of Tourette syndrome.” ...