Renal hypoplasia, defined as abnormally small kidneys with normal morphology and reduced nephron number ... mechanisms by which these genes function in both normal and abnormal kidney development.

Most neurons that carry signals regarding movement and higher-level functions, such as thinking and reading, are myelinated. Neurons that control feelings of pain and temperature are sometimes ...

Copyright: © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Reduced kidney function (or kidney dysfunction) is commonly an exclusion criterion for randomised ...

They produce hormones that help regulate heart rate, blood pressure, the immune system, physical stress response, and other functions. Certain medical disorders cause the adrenal glands to produce too ...

More than 500 vital functions have been identified with the liver. Some of the more well-known functions include the following: Production of bile, which helps carry away waste and break down fats in ...

The urinary system's function is to filter blood and create urine as a waste ... The kidneys remove urea from the blood through tiny filtering units called nephrons. Each nephron consists of a ball ...