An increased pressure gradient across the stenosis, or the presence of collateral circulation through the retroperitoneal, vertebral, intercostal, and azygos veins, are better indications of the ...

Imaging studies revealed duodenal perforation, common bile duct stones, and portal vein thrombosis. By reviewing the patient’s clinical presentation, diagnostic process, treatment measures, and ...

Primary thrombosis of the subclavian-axillary vein is a condition of uncertain origin resulting in proximal arm swelling, discomfort on use, and prominence of engorged collateral veins in the upper ...

Its prevalence rate is typically 0.2% to 0.3%. Azygous continuation of the IVC is when the IVC is interrupted below the hepatic vein, and venous return beyond this point is restored by the azygos and ...

The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen. This muscle, also called the thoracic diaphragm, is the main muscle used for breathing and is also involved in other ...