Therefore, when he attempted to establish evidence that Muslims practiced systematic religious persecution of non-Muslims, he chose Umar ibn al-Khattab, Al-Ma'mun, and Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim as ...

Queen Toda approached Córdoba’s great ruler, the caliph ’Abd al-Rahman III, with two bold requests: help with a cure for her grandson’s morbid obesity and military support to regain the throne.