The cool conditions which have allowed ice caps to form on Earth are rare events in the planet's history and require many ...

Throughout Earth's history, ice caps have been very rare, but a model of the past 420 million years suggests an explanation ...

From reproductive rights to climate change to Big Tech, The Independent is on the ground when the story is developing. Whether it's investigating the financials of Elon Musk's pro-Trump PAC or ...

The sea ice cap grows during the cold Arctic winters and shrinks when temperatures climb again, but over the last three decades, satellites have observed a 13% decline per decade in the summertime ...

But also, the melting of the polar ice cap – opening previously closed shipping routes through the Arctic. As climate change accelerates the arctic ice melt, these resources have become more ...