But during Sandy, the deep wave patterns scoured the sand from the subway cars on each side as the ... some of the subway cars and formed deep scour pits around them. “It was moving really fast across ...

Seasonal wave patterns cause sand to shift between the beach face and offshore bars, while longshore currents move sand down the coast. Man-made structures like breakwaters and dams disrupt this ...

Waves, tide, and wind dominate coastal processes and landforms. Rivers deliver sediment to the coast, where it can be reworked to form deltas, beaches, dunes, and barrier islands. The coastal zone ...