Bilateral optic disc swelling is an important clinical sign that can reflect a variety of inflammatory, infectious, toxic, metabolic, genetic, or vascular conditions, such as hypertension.

When clinical evaluation is equivocal, FA can often be helpful as late disc leakage is typical of optic nerve edema. However, angiography is invasive, subjective, and can be associated with ...

Additionally, the prognosis of macular edema may help clinicians evaluate renal function, investigators reported ...